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Barcodes and Books
How a book is identified depends somewhat on when and how it was published.
Many books have no identifying numbers. There are two common barcoding systems
used on books. The four most common numbers are the EAN (European Article
Number AKA International Article Number), the ISBN (International Standard
Book Number and earlier the Standard Book Number), the UPC (Universal Product
Code) and the Library of Congress Catalog Number. Of these numbers, only
the EAN and UPC can appear as barcodes.
EAN
Newer books should have an EAN. There are two forms in common usage: the
EAN (which is 13 digits long) and the EAN + 5 (18 digits). In the latter
case, the last 5 digits code the currency and price. The EAN is often on
the inside of the front cover of a book.
The first section of any EAN barcode is the EAN. The first three numbers
are the country code. If the first three numbers are 978 or 979, this tells
us this item is from "Bookland," which is the imaginary country
that all Books come from. The next nine numbers are the ISBN (International
Standard Book Number) and a checksum. The second section of the barcode
tells us the price. The first number is the currency, the other four are
the price.
ISBN
ISBN identification (International Standard Book Number) was implemented
in 1970. [The earlier Standard Book Number was used from 1966 to 1974]
ISBNs have either 10 or 13 digits. This is an example of an ISBN: ISBN
0-812-50394-5
A 10-digit ISBN can be converted to an EAN by adding the "Bookland" prefix
978 and changing the last digit to the new checksum. (No old ISBN translates
to a 979 Bookland code. Also, a 979 EAN is the ISBN. And there is no ten
digit version. Only the 13-digit EAN/ISBN will appear as a barcode, never
the 10-digit code.
On some books, the ISBN will be coded with a two-height barcode, similar
to the US Postal code.
Price Point UPC
North American books also use the UPC (Universal Product Code) system.
Most often (always for older paperbacks) if there is a barcode, it will
be the Price Point UPC. The first section is the UCC (Company Code), the
last section is an item number. Unfortunately, the price is smack in the
middle! Which means, when the price changes, the UPC changes. In technical
terms this system is "really stupid!" As of 1 January 2007 its
use was discontinued, but there are many books out there with this type
of barcode.
You can recognize a Price Point UPC by that price-in-the-middle feature.
Also, the small 5-digit add-on contains part of the ISBN. If you see a Price
Point UPC on the back of the book, check to see if it has an EAN as well.
(The EAN is often on the inside of the front cover of a paperback book)
The EAN is much easier to work with.
About the barcodes themselves
The EAN and UPC use the same barcode font. Each character is expressed
in four bars. The bars can have one of four widths and both the dark and
light bars count. There are barcodes where the white space doesn't carry
information, in this case it they matter. If you assign the numbers 0-3
to each bar width, you'll find out that each character's bars will total
7. This is part of the error checking.
Both EAN and UPC codes contain additional error checking in the form of
a check digit. This is the 12th character in a UPC and the 13th in an EAN.
Other Codes
Large retailers find it useful to create their own inventory-tracking systems,
using barcodes that relate to numbers in their central computer's data-base
but not necessarily to the world outside. They can print up stickers with
a barcode font that their computer understands, but no one else can. Some
of these barcodes look like EAN or UPC because they use the same font UUC128,
some use completely different fonts and coding.
Book that don't have a barcode, how to add one
Look on the back of the title page for the ISBN. ISBN identification (International
Standard Book Number) was implemented in 1970. A 10-digit ISBN can be converted
to an EAN by adding the "Bookland" prefix 978 and changing the
last digit to the new checksum. http://www.isbn.org/converterret.asp does
this for you. You can convert the ISBN to an EAN barcode and print it out.
If you want to understand more, go to http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/index.asp
Library of Congress Catalog Number
Older books may just have a LCCN. This doesn't translate to a UPC, EAN
or ISBN and although the Library of Congress has an online database, it
often only contains the number for a book's first edition. The LCCN is never
barcoded.
David Schlinkert
The Groqit is the world's smallest portable inventory computer with a built-in
barcode reader. It is designed to assist people in keeping track of large
collections of books, DVDs, etc. And help them avoid buying duplicate items.
http://www.groqit.com
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